Generation's Of Programming Languages

Introduction-:

• A programming language is a language which specifies certain syntax (rules) to write programs which a computer can understand to perform a specific operation.
• Person who writes a program is known as programmer.
• A program is a set of instructions.
• Programming is process of writing programs

Programming Language Generations-:

• 1stGeneration: Machine language.
• 2ndGeneration: Assembly language.
• 3rdGeneration: High-Level programming Languages,such as C, C++, andJ ava.
• 4thGeneration: High-level programming languages closer to human languages.

1GL Machine Language

• Used in first generation computers.
• Also called asBinary language.
• It is a collection of binary bits.
• Computer can understand only machine language.

OpCode          Operands

000  010  011  101

Advantages of 1 GL

• Machine level programs execute very quickly because no translation program is required for the CPU.
• It requires no translator to translate the code.

Dis-advantages of 1 GL

• Programmer has to remember codes of all characters and operations.
• It is very hard to change or find errors (bug) in a machine level program (debug).
• It is machine dependent.
• The programmer has to know details of hardware to write program.
• Instructions written in a machine language can be very lengthy

2 GL Assembly Language

• It was used in second generation computers.
• It is a mnemonic form of machine language.
• A program can be written by using simple words instead of 0’s and l’s.
• These alphanumeric symbols are known as mnemonic codes For ex-ADD 25,46 and SUB 75,10.
• An Assembler program is required that reads the assembly language program and converts it into binary form.

Advantages of 2 GL

• Assembly language is easier to understand w.r.t .machine language.
• It can be easily used as compared to machine language.
• It is easy to find and correct errors in a program

Disadvantages of 2 GL

• This language is also very difficult and needs a lot of practice because there is only a little English support in this language.
• Assembler program must be available in RAM.
• Like machine language,it is also machine dependent.
• Two machine from different manufacturer may have different mnemonics to perform same operation.

3 GL High Level Language-:

• A program is written in English-like language.
• Higher level languages are machine independent and programming becomes quite easy and simple.
• Programs written in high-level languages is the source code which is converted into the object code (machine code) using translator software like interpreter or compiler.
• Ex of high-level languages are C,C++, Java, PHP, Visual Basic, Perl, Python etc.

Advantages of 3 GL

• High level languages are easy to design and understand.
• Portable and user friendly.
• No need to remember the corresponding Binary equivalent code
• Programs are easier to write, read or understand in high-level languages than in machine language or assembly language.
• It uses English vocabulary and well-known symbols
• Errors can be easily located

Disadvantages of 3 GL

• A high-level language has to be translated into the machine language by a translator, which takes up time as well as memory.
• Execution time of a HLL program is long because program is converted into machine readable format.
• Translator must be available in memory.

4 Generation Language-:

• Programmer is required to specify “what” only and need not to worry“how”it will be done.
• Requires only to mention the query.
• Ex: SQL Structured Query Language, Matlab etc.
• Reduces programming effort.
• Contributes in fast software development
• Reduces the cost of software development

Below Three program Code Are In different Programming Languages.

img credit : google images